Speech Competition Glossary

1. How Do You Win Speech Competitions?

Winning speech competitions requires strategic planning, effective communication skills, and a clear understanding of how judging works. Here are the essential steps:

• Sign up for tournaments through reputable portals like forensicstournament.net, speechwire.com, or tabroom.com. Ensure you have judges lined up to cover your entry, as most tournaments require each school or team to supply volunteer judges.
• In preliminary rounds, speakers are ranked from first to last. The goal is to accumulate as many first-place rankings as possible to advance to elimination rounds and ultimately win.
• Judges typically look for strong ethos (credibility), pathos (emotional connection), and logos (logical argument). Review the official judging criteria on the tournament’s ballot to understand what specific elements they will grade you on—such as vocal clarity, body language, organization, and persuasiveness.
• Stand out with a memorable angle, fresh evidence, or a compelling personal story. Incorporating unique insights sets you apart from competitors delivering more “standard” speeches.
• ModernBrain has coached students to over 1,000 first-place finishes by refining delivery, honing content, and developing confidence. Leveraging expert feedback ensures your speeches consistently meet and exceed judging standards.

2. What Is Declamation?

Declamation is a public speaking event where you deliver someone else’s speech—such as a TED Talk, political address, or victim impact statement—to showcase your interpretation skills. Typically, middle and high school students perform a 10-minute version, while elementary students may have a 5-minute limit. In leagues like the National Catholic Forensics League (NCFL), Declamation is offered exclusively to 9th and 10th graders; however, it’s often even more popular at the middle school level.

• Choose a Powerful Piece
  Opt for a speech with a clear message and a strong emotional arc, ensuring it resonates both with you and your audience.
• Build a Personal Connection
  During your introduction, clearly articulate why you selected this piece—judges appreciate genuine enthusiasm and insight.
• Focus on Delivery
  Concentrate on vocal variety, pacing, and facial expressions. The goal is to recreate the original speech’s intent while adding your unique interpretation.

ModernBrain has a strong track record in Declamation: in the final round of the Middle School Tournament of Champions, four of the six finalists, including the champion, were ModernBrain students. You can watch their outstanding performances here.

3. What Is Dramatic Interpretation?

Dramatic Interpretation (often called “DI”) is a 10-minute performance event for middle school and high school speech competitions. In DI, students deliver a dramatic monologue—without the use of props, costumes, or additional on-stage help. The goal is to fully embody the characters and emotions of the chosen piece through vocal variation, physicality, and emotional depth.

• Characterization
  Portray distinct characters convincingly. The sharper your transitions between characters (when more than one is featured), the more compelling your performance.
• Emotional Resonance
  Heavy themes like racism, loss, or trauma are common in DI. Strive for authenticity and vulnerability to create a moving experience.
• Power of Message
  Use clear storytelling to bring out the central theme—make sure the audience connects to the deeper meaning behind your piece.
• Acting and Performance Skills
  Demonstrate command of facial expressions, voice, body language, and pacing. Judges will be evaluating how you navigate the emotional arc of the piece.
• Unique Interpretation
  While the text may stay the same, your personal take on the characters and conflict can set you apart.

ModernBrain’s approach to Dramatic Interpretation has been proven successful: we had two finalists, including the champion, in the Middle School Tournament of Champions final round. Watch these standout performances here: ModernBrain DI Final Round.

4. What Is DUO Interpretation?

Duo Interpretation—often shortened to “Duo”—is a 10-minute speech event where two performers bring a script to life without props or costumes. Whether the selection is dramatic, humorous, or a blend of both, success in Duo hinges on strong chemistry between partners and a clear, purposeful message.

• Teamwork & Blocking
  Both partners must coordinate their movements (also known as “blocking”) to enhance the storyline. Strategically using physical space and positioning can highlight pivotal moments and keep the audience engaged.
• Script Selection
  Look for a piece that can fit effectively into 10 minutes and still maintain a cohesive beginning, middle, and end. A strong plot with a clear message will captivate judges and audience members.
• Emotional Range
  While Duo may involve comedic scenes, it can also tackle serious themes. Being comfortable portraying various emotions in sync with your partner can leave a lasting impact.
• Vocal & Physical Contrast
  Each actor should develop distinct character voices and mannerisms, ensuring that the transitions between different characters within the same piece are clear and compelling.

ModernBrain’s coaching in Duo Interpretation has proven successful on the national stage. Watch one of our championship-winning coach's performances here: ModernBrain National Champion Duo.

5. What is Expository Speaking?

Expository Speaking (often called “Expos”) is a supplemental speech event that typically lasts 5 minutes. Unlike persuasive speeches, the purpose of Expos is to entertain and inform, rather than to convince the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint.

• Uniqueness of Message
  Your chosen topic should present fresh ideas or insights that captivate your audience.
• Novelty of Information
  Judges reward well-researched content that goes beyond common knowledge.
• Delivery Style
  Engaging storytelling, clear vocal variety, and polished body language help make your presentation memorable.
• Research Quality
  Credible sources and fact-based explanations demonstrate thorough preparation.

ModernBrain coaches have both earned and coached national champions in Expository Speaking. Check out this champion performance from one of our coaches' students: Expository National Champion

6. What Is Extemporaneous Speaking?

7. What Is Humorous Interpretation?

Humorous Interpretation (often called “HI”) is a 10-minute individual speech event designed to showcase comedic timing, character work, and imaginative storytelling—all performed without the use of props or costumes. Competitors adapt scripts to deliver a polished piece that highlights their unique performance skills.

• Character Transitions (Pops)
  A hallmark of HI is the performer’s ability to instantly “pop” from one character to another. Smooth, well-defined transitions impress judges and keep the audience engaged.

• Quality of Script
  Whether you select a comedic play, short story, or another source, your script must lend itself to humor while containing enough depth for a captivating 10-minute performance.

• Expressive Blocking
  Even without props or costumes, your movement on stage (blocking) should be dynamic and purposeful, adding dimension to the storyline and comedic impact.

• Acting & Comedic Timing
  Judges look for an actor who can skillfully alternate pacing, facial expressions, and vocal inflection to land jokes and keep the audience laughing.

ModernBrain’s coaching in Humorous Interpretation has produced numerous finalists and champions. Watch this ModernBrain middle school finalist at the Tournament of Champions to see a stellar HI performance: ModernBrain HI Finalist.

8. What Is Impromptu Speaking?

Impromptu Speaking is a fast-paced speech event where you have 2 minutes to prepare and 5 minutes to speak on a given prompt. Topics can range from abstract nouns (like “courage” or “friendship”) to current events, quotations, or even concrete objects. The challenge is to craft a structured, engaging speech on the fly—without sounding overly rehearsed or canned.

• Delivery & Fluency
  Judges focus on your vocal presence, eye contact, and ability to avoid excessive filler words or stumbles.
• Topicality & Examples
  Your examples and anecdotes should directly relate to the prompt you’re given, showcasing quick thinking and relevance.
• Structure & Clarity
  Even under time pressure, aim for a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Smooth transitions help keep your speech coherent.
• Authenticity & Spontaneity
  Relying on memorized anecdotes can make your speech feel stale. Be truly present in the moment—engage with the prompt in a fresh, genuine way.

ModernBrain’s coaching emphasizes creativity and on-the-spot adaptability. Here’s a former national champion, coached by ModernBrain, demonstrating these skills: ModernBrain NIETOC Champion.

9. What Is Informative Speaking?

Informative Speaking is a 10-minute memorized speech event designed to educate and entertain—rather than persuade—on a specific topic. Speakers typically use visual aids to enhance clarity and audience engagement.

• Original Topic & Personal Connection
  Stand out by choosing a unique subject that resonates with your personal or cultural background, or shed new light on a familiar topic. This authenticity helps you captivate both judges and audiences.

• Strong Research
  Comprehensive research—especially if it includes original findings—demonstrates credibility. Cite reputable sources and incorporate statistics, anecdotes, or expert opinions to substantiate your information.

• Memorized & Polished Delivery
  Since the speech is 10 minutes long and must be fully memorized, polish your pacing, vocal variety, and body language to keep listeners engaged. Confidence and poise are essential for a professional impression.

• Effective Use of Visual Aids
  Incorporating posters, slides, or handouts can bolster understanding and create visual interest. Select visuals that complement your content without overwhelming the presentation.

ModernBrain coaches emphasize connecting topics with genuine passion and conducting thorough research. Watch this speech for inspiration: National-Level Informative Speech.

10. What is Original Oratory?

Original Oratory (often shortened to “OO”) is a 10-minute, memorized, and persuasive speech event. Also known as Persuasive Speaking, it requires participants to address a social issue or problem and then propose a potential solution. The best Oratories resonate with their audience on a personal level—mixing strong evidence with heartfelt storytelling.

• Persuasive Structure
  Clearly outline the problem, examine its causes, and provide a workable solution. Organize your points so that each section logically flows into the next.
• Relatability & Originality
  Choose a topic that you can uniquely address—perhaps through personal anecdotes or specialized knowledge. Judges appreciate either hyper-specific subjects or broader issues approached from a fresh angle.
• Delivery & Presence
  Maintain strong eye contact, vocal variety, and clear articulation. A polished, confident stage presence elevates your credibility and helps persuade the audience.
• Thorough Research
  Back up your argument with reliable sources and relevant data. High-quality, cited evidence solidifies your points and demonstrates expertise.

ModernBrain’s commitment to individualized coaching has produced exceptional results in Original Oratory. We had the champion and two finalists in the Middle School Tournament of Champions. Watch their outstanding performances here: ModernBrain OO Final Round.

11. What Is Original Spoken Word Poetry?

Original Spoken Word Poetry is a 5-minute, memorized event that requires performers to present originally written poetic work. It often highlights deeply personal themes, resonating with audiences through vivid language and strong delivery.

• Personal & Powerful Theme
  Use personal stories, experiences, and emotions to forge a genuine connection with your audience. Topics can be intimate, social, or cultural, but authenticity is key.
• Poetic & Literary Devices
  Incorporate techniques like metaphor, rhyme, rhythm, and alliteration to add depth and musicality. Vary sentence lengths and structures to maintain engagement and emphasize key points.
• Engaging Delivery
  Focus on vocal variety, pacing, and clear enunciation to bring your poem to life. Use expressive gestures and facial expressions to underscore important moments.

ModernBrain encourages poets to explore their creativity and personal narratives through Spoken Word Poetry. Watch this ModernBrain middle school student—a national showcase finalist—demonstrate the power of a heartfelt Spoken Word performance: ModernBrain Spoken Word Finalist.

12. What Is Poetry Interpretation?

Poetry Interpretation is a 5-minute, supplemental category that allows speakers to bring poetic literature to life through a cohesive performance. Competitors typically use a black binder (often called a “black book”) both as a prop and as a means to hold or reference their chosen poems.

• The Black Book
  Serve as both a physical prop and a place to showcase your text. Use page turns, placement, and subtle gestures to reinforce emotional shifts in the poetry.

• Thematic Unity
  Often involves weaving together multiple poems under a single theme or central message. Make sure each poem contributes to a cohesive narrative or argument.

• Personal Connection & Impact
  Demonstrate how the poems resonate with you—whether through life experience, identity, or values. Authentic emotion can captivate judges and audiences alike.

• Delivery & Characterization
  Employ vocal variety, facial expressions, and purposeful body language to animate the text. Show distinct changes in tone or pacing for different parts of the piece.

• Clarity & Cohesion
  Maintain a clear structure so the audience follows your narrative thread from start to finish. Keep the focus on how these poems unite to form one powerful, cohesive message.

ModernBrain’s coaching emphasizes thematic depth and strong performance skills. Watch this national finalist, coached by ModernBrain, for an example of outstanding Poetry Interpretation: ModernBrain Poetry Finalist.

13. What Is Programmed Oral Interpretation?

Programmed Oral Interpretation (often shortened to “POI”) is a 10-minute performance event that merges various genres—such as articles, plays, poetry, and prose—into a single, cohesive narrative. By weaving different sources together, competitors deliver a powerful thematic statement supported by distinct characters, compelling language, and clear structure.

• Multi-Genre Composition
  Select and combine excerpts from drama (plays, musicals, or film scripts), poetry, prose, and articles to form a unified program centered on one overarching theme.

• Characterization & Blocking
  Use vocal variety, facial expressions, and purposeful movement to distinguish each character or source. Effective blocking brings focus to emotional shifts and pivotal moments.

• Powerful Message
  Craft a clear thesis or thematic statement that runs through the entire performance. Each excerpt should contribute to a deeper understanding of the core idea.

• Clarity & Structure
  Organize your pieces in a logical sequence so the audience can follow the evolving narrative. Smooth transitions and signposting between excerpts help maintain coherence.

• Personal & Topical Connection
  The best POI pieces resonate on a personal or social level. Show why this theme matters to you—and why it should matter to your audience.

ModernBrain’s approach to POI coaching helps students find impactful selections and master delivery. Here’s a Middle School National Champion performance, coached by ModernBrain: ModernBrain POI Champion.

14. What Is Prose Interpretation?

Prose Interpretation is a 5-minute, supplemental event where performers use a black binder to hold and reference literature. Competitors typically present a single story or narrative from a prose source—such as a novel, short story, or literary essay—focusing on bringing the text’s characters and emotional arc to life.

• The Black Book
  Acts as both a practical reference and a prop. Thoughtful page turns, positioning, and subtle movements can add emphasis and drama.

• Single Narrative Structure
  Choose an engaging piece with a clear beginning, middle, and end. Building toward a strong climax ensures audience investment in the storyline.

• Characterization & Emotional Range
  Convey distinct voices, personalities, or perspectives using vocal variety and facial expressions. Whether it’s humorous or dramatic, authentic emotion keeps the audience engaged.

• Connection & Message
  Show how the narrative resonates with you and why it matters. A memorable “takeaway” or message helps your performance stand out.

• Literary Source
  Must be taken from a prose work such as a novel, short story, or published nonfiction piece. Ensure your cutting remains cohesive and highlights the text’s most compelling moments.

ModernBrain’s coaching emphasizes thoughtful piece selection and dynamic delivery. Check out this nationally ranked Prose Interpretation coached by ModernBrain: ModernBrain Prose Performance.

15. What Is SPAR/Spontaneous Argumentation?

SPAR (short for “Spontaneous Argumentation”) is a rapid-fire speech format that, while not recognized as a national event at the high school level or at many major tournaments, remains a popular practice activity—especially in middle school (MS) and elementary school (ES) programs. Some high school (HS) students also engage in SPAR for fun or skill development.

• Format & Time Structure
  2 minutes to prepare. 2 minutes to argue as the Affirmative. 2 minutes to argue as the Negative. 2 minutes of cross-examination. 2 minutes each for closing statements (Affirmative and Negative).
• Topic Selection
  Competitors may be given one to three prompts. Each debater or team typically chooses one topic to debate.

Judges often rank participants on logic, clarity, persuasiveness, and spontaneity. Charisma and delivery style also factor heavily into the overall score. Some versions allow or encourage light research beforehand, while others strictly emphasize improvisation.

ModernBrain coaches regularly incorporate SPAR in their curricula to develop quick-thinking and effective argumentation. Watch these students, coached by ModernBrain, in a SPAR match: ModernBrain SPAR Debate.

16. What Is Storytelling?

Storytelling is a 5-minute supplemental event where competitors interpret someone else’s words, typically aiming the performance at a children’s audience. While you can incorporate a chair as a single prop, success relies on the performer’s ability to bring the story to life through engaging vocal variety, expressive movements, and a clear, age-appropriate message.

• Intended Audience
  Aim your storyline, language, and tone toward children. Strive for clarity, simplicity, and relatability.
• Characterization
  Use distinct voices, facial expressions, and body language. Vary your pitch and pacing to create an immersive experience.
• Use of a Chair (Single Prop)
  Sit, stand, or move around the chair to convey different scenes or moods. Employ subtle prop work without overshadowing the story.
• Clear, Engaging Message
  Ensure the plot and moral of the story are easily understood. Select or adapt a piece that resonates with young listeners.
• Ease of Understanding
  Keep the performance straightforward, avoiding overly complex language. Maintain a strong narrative flow from beginning to end.

ModernBrain’s coaching emphasizes building confidence and creativity in Storytelling. Watch this Middle School National Showcase Finalist, coached by ModernBrain, for a heartwarming example of Storytelling: ModernBrain Storytelling Finalist.

Mock Trial Glossary

1. How Does Mock Trial Work?

Mock Trial simulates courtroom proceedings by assigning teams of 4 to 12 students a fictional case or fact pattern—often 50 to 300 pages in length. Each team prepares both sides of the case (prosecution/plaintiff and defense) and performs in front of judges or scorers, who evaluate everything from argumentation to witness portrayal.

• The Case & Roles
  Students receive a detailed case packet outlining facts, affidavits, and evidence. Teams split into attorneys and witnesses, each with distinct responsibilities.
• Courtroom Presentations
  Each round includes opening statements, direct examinations, cross examinations, and closing arguments. Attorneys must manage time effectively to cover all required sections.
• Objections & Rules of Evidence
  If one side believes the other side’s evidence or questions violate the rules, they raise an objection. Knowing technical definitions and applying them with precision is crucial.
• Scoring & Judging
  Performances (by both attorneys and witnesses) are typically scored on a 10-point scale. The team with the most points overall wins.
• Strategy & Teamwork
  Develop a clear theme—a concise, memorable phrase summing up your side’s core argument. Shape a “case theory” that tells a compelling story: what happened and why it proves guilt or innocence. Since both attorneys and witnesses are scored, balanced teamwork and strong individual performances are key.

ModernBrain’s coaching philosophy emphasizes storytelling, legal strategy, and presentation skills. Watch ModernBrain-coached students win a college-level national championship: ModernBrain Mock Trial Champions.

2. How Can I Write a Direct Examination in Mock Trial?

A well-crafted direct examination involves open-ended questions designed to highlight the witness’s story and build credibility with the jury. Unlike cross-examination, direct typically comes from the attorney representing the same side as the witness—meaning they’re collaborating to establish a coherent narrative.

• Clear, Open-Ended Questions
  Encourage the witness to tell their story in detail. Avoid leading questions that suggest a “yes” or “no” answer.
• Logical Flow & Structure
  Anticipate what the jury (or judge) needs to understand first, next, and last. Use simple language that helps listeners follow the storyline.
• Witness Preparation
  The witness should fully know their statement and character background. Credibility stems from confident, consistent answers.
• Anticipate Objections & Pitfalls
  Prepare the witness to handle challenging topics without stumbling. Understand the rules of evidence so you can phrase questions that won’t be objected to.

For a real-world example, watch this ModernBrain Mock Trial Coach deliver a direct examination in a scuba diving negligence case: ModernBrain Direct Examination Example.

3. How Can I Write a Cross-Examination in Mock Trial?

A strong cross-examination strategically reinforces your case theory and challenges the credibility of the opposing side’s witnesses. Legal expert Irving Younger outlined the “10 Commandments of Cross,” which emphasize concise, leading questions and precise control over witness testimony.

• Succinct & Focused
  Keep questions short and simple. Avoid letting the witness elaborate on answers that harm your narrative.
• Leading Questions
  Phrase each query so the witness can answer only “yes” or “no.” Control the flow of information by structuring questions around the case facts.
• Prepared & Evidence-Based
  Base each question on a specific page or line from the case packet. Pinpoint inconsistencies or weaknesses in the witness’s statements. Pull out details that support your version of events. Undercut the opposing team’s arguments by highlighting contradictions.
• Credibility Attacks
  Expose biases, prior inconsistent statements, or implausible details. Undermine the witness’s reliability in the eyes of the judge and jury.

For an example of a strategic cross, watch this ModernBrain Mock Trial coach cross-examining a defendant in a showcase round (cross occurs in the second half of the video): Mock Trial Cross-Examination Example.

4. How Can I Write an Opening Statement in Mock Trial?

In Mock Trial, your opening statement sets the stage for the entire case by introducing your side’s theme (or “theory”) and highlighting the core facts and witnesses. It should be clear, concise, and easy for someone who hasn’t read the case to follow.

• Theme & Case Theory
  Present a memorable phrase or concept to anchor your side’s argument. Show how your case theory explains what really happened and why it matters.
• Burden of Proof
  State whether you/the prosecution/plaintiff must prove your case “beyond a reasonable doubt” or by a “preponderance of the evidence,” depending on criminal vs. civil trial.
• Key Facts & Witnesses
  Briefly outline the most important facts. Introduce the witnesses who will support these facts, without revealing too much detail.
• Clear & Streamlined Delivery
  Avoid excessive legal jargon or overloading the judge/jury with minor details. Keep it organized so the audience knows what to expect during the trial.
• Persuasive & Engaging
  Use confident tone and body language. Keep the structure logical—like telling a concise yet compelling story that piques the jury’s interest.

For a more thorough explanation, visit this in-depth guide: Mock Trial Opening Statement Guide

And check out these opening statements from an International Mock Trial League semifinal round (both delivered by ModernBrain students): Semifinal Round Opening Statements.

5. How Can I Write a Closing Argument in Mock Trial?

A closing argument in Mock Trial is your opportunity to tie together the evidence, witnesses, and legal framework you’ve presented (or challenged) throughout the trial. Typically 6–9 minutes in length, a strong closing should reinforce your side’s theme and address key points raised by your opponent.

• Restate the Theme & Case Theory
  Begin by reminding the judge/jury of your overarching narrative. Connect your side’s story directly to the evidence shown during the trial.
• Burden of Proof
  Clearly outline whether the prosecution/plaintiff has met their legal burden (e.g., beyond a reasonable doubt, preponderance of evidence). Argue why they have—or haven’t—satisfied this standard.
• Summarize Critical Evidence
  Highlight your strongest exhibits and witness testimonies. Undermine or dismiss the credibility of opposing evidence where possible.
• Respond to Trial Developments
  Address any surprising turns or unique arguments made by the opposing side. Adapt your final message to what actually happened in court, rather than relying on a rigid script.
• Persuasive & Engaging Delivery
  Use a confident, conversational tone. Maintain clear organization, leading the judge/jury through your final takeaways.

For an in-depth breakdown, see this closing argument guide: Mock Trial Closing Argument Advice

Watch these closings from an international league final round of Mock Trial (both delivered by ModernBrain students): Mock Trial Final Round Closings.

6. What Are the Different Types of Mock Trial Witnesses?

All witnesses in Mock Trial are scored—often out of 10 points for direct examination and 10 points for cross-examination. Judges look for character consistency, responsiveness, and believability under pressure. While every witness must maintain a strong performance, there are generally four main categories:

• Professional/Expert Witnesses: Qualified under Rule 702 (e.g., forensics experts, psychologists, detectives). Must simplify technical terms and present complex data in an understandable way. Often use demonstratives or analogies to clarify their expert opinions.
• Character Witnesses: Known for distinct, sometimes comedic or theatrical delivery. May use accents, mannerisms, or vivid storytelling to stand out. Goal is to bring color and personality to the case while staying believable.
• Party Representatives: Can be a defendant or a key individual directly involved in the case (a plaintiff). Typically allowed to observe other witness testimonies under Rule 615. Must show believable reactions and adapt to details that emerge during trial.
• Sympathetic Witnesses: Serve as emotional anchors, often with dramatic backgrounds or personal involvement. Aim to evoke empathy through credible, heartfelt storytelling. May display heightened emotions (crying, anger, etc.) at a pivotal moment for greater impact.

For examples of these witness types in competition:

• Final Round (Expert & Party Representatives): Gauntlet College Witness Championship (Final)

• Semifinal Round (Sympathetic & Character Witnesses): Gauntlet College Witness Championship (Semifinal)

These witness roles were portrayed by or coached by ModernBrain coaches, showcasing the diverse styles that help teams succeed in Mock Trial competitions. Here's MORE advice on being a great mock trial witness.

7. What Are the Mock Trial Burdens of Proof?

In Mock Trial, the burden of proof refers to the legal standard the moving party must meet to prevail in a case. Although Mock Trial outcomes are decided by point totals rather than actual verdicts, understanding these legal standards is essential for accurate and persuasive presentations.

In criminal trials, the prosecution must prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. This means they present so convincingly that there is no reasonable alternative explanation for the facts. If such a reasonable alternative exists, the prosecution has not met its burden.

Legally, the defense does not have to call witnesses or provide evidence, as the obligation lies solely with the prosecution to establish guilt. In Mock Trial, however, the defense still needs to present a cohesive case to earn points, even though it does not bear the burden of proof. When discussing this standard, teams must avoid common errors such as saying “beyond any doubt” or “beyond a shadow of a doubt,” which are incorrect. The precise term to use is “beyond a reasonable doubt.”

In civil trials, the plaintiff must show that its claim is more likely than not—just over fifty percent—true. This standard is lower than “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Although the defense in a real civil case has no obligation to prove an alternative explanation, it can elect to raise an affirmative defense to shift some or all of the responsibility onto the plaintiff. A typical example is comparative fault, in which the defense argues that the plaintiff shares greater responsibility for the harm they suffered.

Special instructions in Mock Trial materials may clarify whether affirmative defenses are permissible and how they should be handled. Teams that misstate the burden of proof in civil cases by calling it “beyond a reasonable doubt” instead of “more likely than not” risk losing credibility and valuable points.

8. What's Empire Mock Trial?

Empire Mock Trial is a major international Mock Trial competition founded in 2007. It hosts in-person tournaments in September and November, as well as online contests in October and May/June, drawing teams from around the globe. ModernBrain regularly participates in Empire events, with students having made it to the finals and earned top attorney and witness awards. The organization has also achieved team awards every single time it has attended, reflecting a consistent level of high performance.

A standout feature of Empire Mock Trial is its “guest witness” system, where each team exchanges one witness with a different team. This format requires both sides to improvise on direct examination, testing their teamwork, collaboration, and quick thinking.

Another unique element is the Pretrial Oral Argument (POA), during which teams argue whether key pieces of evidence should be admitted or excluded before the trial formally begins. This adds an extra layer of complexity and legal strategy to the competition.

For an example of ModernBrain in action at Empire Mock Trial, watch this closely contested round featuring a split decision against another top national team:
ModernBrain at Empire Mock Trial.

9. What's the International Mock Trial League?

Founded in 2022, the International Mock Trial League (IMT) is one of the fastest-growing virtual mock trial organizations in the world. Open to students in grades 8–12, it attracts teams from across the United States—both East and West Coasts—as well as Canada, China, Hong Kong, Costa Rica, South Korea, and beyond. IMT features student-written cases judged by a panel of lawyers and college-level mock trial competitors, offering multiple contests each year at zero cost to participating teams (as long as they can provide a qualified judge).

Unlike some tournaments, IMT keeps its rounds relatively short, limiting each side to two attorneys and two witnesses. There is no Pretrial Oral Argument or guest witness element, making the format more streamlined yet still rigorously competitive.

ModernBrain students have thrived in this environment, placing at every IMT tournament since its inception and frequently dominating the podium—sometimes claiming first through third place.

For free case materials, recordings of semifinal and final rounds (including ModernBrain performances), and other resources, visit the official IMT website: International Mock Trial League Resources.

10. What's Teach Democracy / The Constitutional Rights Foundation (CRF) Mock Trial?

Teach Democracy (also referred to as the Constitutional Rights Foundation or CRF) oversees California’s primary Mock Trial league, open exclusively to schools. Winners from local county competitions advance to the state championship.

Compared to other mock trial circuits, CRF Mock Trial has shorter directs, crosses, openings, and closings, emphasizing large team participation and broad educational exposure over more theatrical elements. Teams are also subject to stricter rules about using demonstratives, staging witness accents or impressions, and wearing costumes.

ModernBrain does not directly send students to CRF tournaments but does provide support for those who participate. Both middle school and high school levels are offered, allowing a wide range of students to gain foundational courtroom skills. To learn more about program details, including competition rules and format, visit the official site: Teach Democracy / CRF Mock Trial Program.

11. What's Peer Potential Mock Trial?

12. What's the MockOn Tournament of Champions?

Founded in 2020 by top college-level mock trial coaches and competitors, the MockOn Tournament of Champions is a premier virtual event that invites leading mock trial programs from around the globe. It employs the same streamlined format used by the International Mock Trial League, with teams fielding two attorneys and two witnesses on each side of the case.

Despite only launching in recent years, MockOn has quickly built a reputation for attracting high-caliber teams that thrive under competitive pressures. ModernBrain has consistently placed among the top five teams and secured the highest-ranked attorney honors every year it has participated. The tournament’s final rounds bring together the best of the best, often judged by experienced legal professionals or noteworthy “celebrity” figures in the mock trial community.

For a closer look at the action, watch the 2023 Final Round, where a ModernBrain coach served as a celebrity judge: MockOn 2023 Final Round.

13. What's Gladiator Mock Trial?

Gladiator Mock Trial is widely regarded as the most challenging and prestigious mock trial tournament in the world. Unlike other competitions that rely on cohesive teams, Gladiator invites individual contestants—selected through an application process—and assembles them into ad hoc teams on-site. Competitors must be ready to serve as both prosecution and defense attorneys, as well as witnesses for both sides. Each participant has only a few weeks to study the assigned case, and then must adapt quickly when additional twists are introduced mid-tournament.

During the competition, contestants perform direct examinations with partners they may have just met, testing their spontaneity, teamwork, and command of courtroom procedure. Applications usually open in February, with the competition taking place in the summer.

In 2024, a ModernBrain mentee made history by becoming the first international student to reach the Gladiator Final (top 3 out of 60). Watch the highlight of this achievement here: ModernBrain Mentee’s Gladiator Final.

What Do These Speech Awards Mean?

1. What Is a Speech or Debate Bid?

A Speech or Debate Bid is an essential qualification process that allows outstanding students to compete in prestigious Speech and Debate Tournaments of Champions (TOCs). Unlike regular tournaments where any student can participate, bid tournaments serve as preliminary competitions where students must achieve exceptional results to earn their place in these elite events. The primary purpose of a bid is to ensure that only the top-performing debaters and speakers advance to higher-level competitions, maintaining the high standards and competitive integrity of the TOCs.

Bid tournaments are designated by various institutions and organizations, each with its own set of criteria and levels of prestige.

• For example, the National Invitational English Tournament of Champions (NIETOC) requires participants to excel in earlier regional competitions to qualify for their speech-focused TOC. Similarly, the University of Kentucky TOC encompasses speech, debate, and congressional categories, where students must secure bids through specific qualifying tournaments. Resources such as the NIETOC bid details and the University of Kentucky’s bid tournament guidelines provide valuable information for students preparing to qualify
• Another notable example is the Northwestern Extemporaneous Speaking TOC, which sets its own qualifications and competitive standards, detailed on their qualifications page. These examples illustrate the varying pathways and requirements students must navigate to earn a bid, each tailored to the specific focus and history of the respective TOC.

ModernBrain has coached students to hundreds of bids. You can read our always-growing list here.

2. What Does It Mean to Break in Speech and Debate?

In Speech and Debate, to "break" means to advance from the preliminary rounds to the elimination stages of a tournament. This achievement indicates that a participant has performed well enough in their initial speeches or debates to surpass the cutoff threshold, making them eligible for further competition and potential awards.

In larger, more competitive tournaments, breaking is essential for moving into higher-stakes elimination rounds such as quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals. These tournaments typically have a tiered structure where only the highest-ranking participants from the preliminaries advance.

In smaller tournaments, the concept of breaking can differ. Often, these events do not feature distinct elimination rounds; instead, awards are based solely on the rankings achieved during the preliminary rounds.

ModernBrain's students have broken to elimination rounds thousands of times.

3. What Does It Mean to Picket-Fence in Speech?

In Speech and Debate, "picket-fencing" refers to consistently securing first-place finishes in competitions, creating a streak of victories that resembles the evenly spaced posts of a picket fence (1111111111). Achieving this level of success requires a combination of factors, including a strong personal or cultural connection to the speech topic, crafting an appealing and universally accessible message for judges, delivering a dynamic and powerful performance, and mastering the balance of style, structure, and substance.

At ModernBrain, our national-level speech coaches specialize in training students to achieve picket-fencing success. Through personalized coaching that emphasizes connection, accessibility, performance, and comprehensive skill development, our coaches have guided numerous students to consistently top their competitions. Learn more about how our expert coaches can help you achieve picket-fencing success here.

4. What Are Schools of Honor, Excellence, or Outstanding Distinction in Speech and Debate?

In the realm of competitive Speech and Debate, the National Speech and Debate Association (NSDA) National Championship is the pinnacle event where schools vie for top honors. Among the highest accolades are the Schools of Outstanding Distinction, Schools of Excellence, and Schools of Honor. These awards recognize the most outstanding teams based on their cumulative performance in both speech and debate categories.

The awards are categorized to honor excellence in specific areas. The Schools of Outstanding Distinction recognize the top 10 schools that excel in both speech and debate, ensuring a well-rounded excellence across all divisions. Following this, the Speech Schools of Excellence and Debate Schools of Excellence honor the top 20 schools in their respective categories that did not secure an Outstanding Distinction. Additionally, the Speech Schools of Honor and Debate Schools of Honor acknowledge the next tier of top-performing schools, ranking from 21st to 40th place in speech and debate points respectively.

At ModernBrain, our expert coaches have a proven track record of leading teams to earn these prestigious national awards. Our comprehensive guide on how to join the NSDA National Championship provides invaluable insights for students aiming to compete at the highest level. It's important to participate through your school rather than an after school academy to ensure eligibility and support at this specific tournament.

5. What Is a Rank in Speech and Debate?

In Speech and Debate competitions, a rank refers to the position a competitor holds based on judges' evaluations in each round. During every round, judges assess each participant's performance and assign a rank, typically ranging from 1st place (best) to 7th place (worst). However, some tournaments may have variations, such as tying the bottom competitors at 4th-5th place to streamline rankings. These ranks are crucial as they determine which competitors advance to elimination rounds or ultimately win the tournament. Achieving a high rank consistently showcases a speaker’s or debater’s excellence and ability to resonate with judges.

Ranking is inherently subjective, as it depends on judges' perceptions and criteria, which can vary between competitions. Therefore, students must employ strategic tactics to stand out for the right reasons, ensuring their performances align with what judges are looking for.

ModernBrain recognizes the challenges posed by the subjective nature of rankings in Speech and Debate. Our expert coaches provide comprehensive strategies and detailed checklists designed to help students achieve higher rankings consistently.

6. What Are Speaker Points?

In Speech and Debate competitions, Speaker Points serve as a crucial tiebreaker. While primary factors like win-loss records in debates and rankings in speeches are the main criteria for advancing or winning, Speaker Points provide an additional layer of evaluation. These points are often scored on a scale ranging from 30 to 100, depending on the tournament, and are inherently subjective, reflecting the judges’ assessment of each participant’s performance beyond mere outcomes.

Speaker Points are awarded based on various aspects of a competitor’s presentation and strategic execution. In speech events, high Speaker Points are typically earned through strong public speaking presence, including effective use of voice modulation, body language, and overall charisma. In debate, Speaker Points focus more on the clarity and conciseness of arguments, strategic decision-making, and the ability to persuasively convey ideas.

Additionally, many tournaments feature a Top Speaker Award, which honors the highest Speaker Point earners alongside the primary debate win-loss awards, highlighting exceptional individual performances.

At ModernBrain, our dedicated coaching has empowered numerous students to excel in earning Speaker Points, leading to hundreds of Top Speaker Awards across various national competitions.

7. What Are Sweepstakes in Speech and Debate?

In Speech and Debate, Sweepstakes are prestigious team awards that recognize the overall excellence of a program rather than just individual achievements. Unlike awards that honor single competitors, Sweepstakes evaluate a team’s performance across multiple categories and events, reflecting the organization’s depth, consistency, and success in various aspects of Speech and Debate. To earn Sweepstakes, a team must demonstrate strong results in numerous areas, showcasing their ability to excel collectively rather than relying on a few standout individuals.

ModernBrain prides ourselves on our ability to secure Sweepstakes awards by maintaining a robust and versatile Speech and Debate program. Despite facing challenges such as competitors participating under different names or their own school names, ModernBrain has successfully won over 100 Sweepstakes and top team awards, including at national-level contests.

8. What Are NSDA Points/Rankings in Speech and Debate?

The National Speech & Debate Association (NSDA) Honor Society honors middle and high school students and coaches for their active participation in speech and debate activities. Members earn merit points through competitions, service, and leadership roles, encouraging them to apply their skills in diverse settings such as classroom debates, volunteering, public speaking, and stage performances. These merit points are crucial for college admissions, as NSDA is recognized by many colleges as one of the most respected honor societies.

Students can accumulate up to 75 points before achieving official membership, with points being recorded by advisors or coaches through their NSDA accounts. As members gather points, they earn new Honor Society degrees, each accompanied by a personalized seal for their membership certificates.

Consistent participation and point accumulation can lead to national rankings, such as the NSDA’s All-State or All-American lists, which serve as tier-one national rankings for college purposes. These rankings recognize students' sustained competitive success across multiple events, even if they do not win national championships. More details are listed here.